优化营商环境｜世界银行营商环境评价环境许可问卷解读①

世界银行营商环境评估体系在全球具有广泛的影响力和公信力，对各国和经济体改善营商环境发挥了重要指引作用。2023年，世界银行开始推行营商环境评估的新体系—Business Ready（B-READY），针对环境许可设置了独立问卷。本文对该问卷进行系列解读。

世界银行营商环境评价环境许可问卷解读

InterpretatION of THE World Bank’s Business Ready Environmental Permits Questionnaire

我国是否有统一的环境法规和标准体系？

中国坚持以最严格制度最严密法治保护生态环境。目前，我国已有生态环境保护相关法律30余部、行政法规100多件、地方性法规1000余件，如《中华人民共和国环境保护法》《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》《建设项目环境保护管理条例》《上海市环境保护条例》《上海市建设工程文明施工管理规定》等；现行有效国家生态环境标准2415项、上海市地方强制性排放标准24项，如《污水综合排放标准》《建筑施工颗粒物控制标准》等，构建了以环境保护法为统领，涵盖水、气、声、渣等各类污染要素与山水林田湖草沙等各类自然生态系统的生态环境保护法规和标准体系。

以上文件在政府部门官网以及上海市“一网通办”等平台全文公开。

Does China have uniform environmental laws and standard system?

China is committed to the most rigorous institutional arrangements and the strictest rule of law in ecological and environmental protection. To date, the country has enacted more than 30 national laws, over 100 administrative regulations, and more than 1,000 local regulations related to ecological and environmental protection. Notable examples include the Environmental Protection Law of the PeOPle’s Republic of China, theSolid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China, theRegulations on the Administration of Environmental Protection of Construction Projects, theRegulations of Shanghai Municipality on Environmental Protection, and theProvisions of Shanghai Municipality on the Administration of Safe Construction of Engineering Projects. Additionally, there are 2,415 national ecological and environmental standards currently in effect and 24 local mandatory emission/discharge standards in Shanghai, including theIntegrated Wastewater Discharge Standardand theControl Standard of Particulate Matter for Construction. These laws and standards form a comprehensive regulatory system anchored by the Environmental Protection Law. This system addresses various types of pollution, including water, air, noise, and solid waste, and safeguards diverse natural ecosystems such as mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and deserts.

All these documents are publicly accessible on the official websites of relEVAnt government departments and platforms, including Shanghai’s “Government Online-Offline Shanghai”, an integrated government service platform.

过去几年，这些法规或标准是否进行了更新或修订？

党的十八大以来，我国制修订了《中华人民共和国环境保护法》《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》等26部生态环境保护相关法律，本市制修订了《上海市环境保护条例》《上海市无废城市建设条例》《建筑施工颗粒物控制标准》等地方性法规和标准，以法律形式固化诸如建筑施工扬尘、噪声、废水、建筑垃圾污染防治以及绿色低碳资源化利用等创新要求。

Have these regulations or standards been UPdated or revised in the past several years？

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has formulated and amended the Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China, theSolid Waste Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People’s Republic of China, and other 26 laws related to ecological and environmental protection. In Shanghai, the city has revised regulations such as theRegulations of Shanghai Municipality on Environmental Protection, theRegulations of Shanghai Municipality on the Building of A Zero-Waste City, and theControl Standard of Particulate Matter for Construction. These amendments have strengthened the legal requirements for pollution prevention and control, covering areas such as construction dust and noise management, wastewater and construction waste treatment, and new initiatives like green and low-carbon resource utilization.

环境违法行为会承担什么样的法律后果？

我国对环境违法行为规定了严惩重罚，对于违反环境保护法律法规的行为，尚未构成犯罪的，将依法给予行政处罚，这些处罚措施包括但不限于：警告、罚款以及按日计罚、查封扣押、拘留双罚制等严厉手段。对于严重违反环境保护法律法规的行为，如果构成犯罪，将依法追究刑事责任。此外，因污染环境和破坏生态造成损害的，还应当依法承担侵权责任。

What are the legal consequences of environmental violations?

China enforces severe punishment for environmental violations. For non-criminal violations of environmental protection laws and regulations, punitive measures will be imposed, including but not limited to warnings, fines, daily penalties, property seizure or detention, and penalties under the double-punishment system. Serious violations that constitute crimes will be prosecuted according to the law. Additionally, those who cause damage by polluting the environment or harming ecosystems will be held liable for torts in compliance with the law.

判定建设项目是否要做环评的依据是什么，环评考虑了哪些方面的环境影响？

《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》、《建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录》（2021年版）、《〈建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录〉上海市实施细化规定（2021年版）》等法规文件基于建设项目环境影响的不同类型及程度，明确了环境影响评价分类管理要求。名录中包含了生态、大气、水、土壤、噪声、电磁辐射等不同类型环境影响的项目。《中华人民共和国环境保护法》针对自然生态系统、人文遗迹的保护，大气、水、土壤、噪声、电磁辐射污染的防治、农业污染防治等均作出要求。

此外，我国及本市制定一系列环境影响评价技术导则，涵盖了生态、大气环境、水资源及水环境、土壤环境、声环境、电磁辐射、环境风险、生物安全、碳排放等不同影响的各类建设项目。

What determines whether a construction project needs to undergo EIA? Which kinds of environmental impacts are considered in the EIA?

Several regulatory documents, including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment, theClassified Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), and the Detailed Implementation Rules of Shanghai Municipality for Classification and Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), stipulate the requirements for classified management of environmental impact assessments based on the different types and degrees of environmental impacts of construction projects. The Directory clearly defines environmental risks in new building construction projects, covering areas such as ecosystems, air quality, water, soil, noise, and electromagnetic radiation. TheEnvironmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China outlines the requirements for protecting natural ecosystems and cultural heritage sites, as well as for preventing and controlling pollution related to air, water, soil, noise, and electromagnetic radiation, and for managing agricultural pollution.

In addition, both national and municipal technical guidelines for environmental impact assessments address various types of construction projects that may affect ecology, atmospheric environments, water resources and aquatic environments, soil environments, acoustic environments, electromagnetic radiation, environmental risks, biosafety, carbon emissions, and more.

环境影响评价是否必须由专业人士或专业机构进行编制？

是。生态环境部出台的《建设项目环境影响报告书（表）编制监督管理办法》（2019年发布）明确：编制单位应当具备环境影响评价技术能力。编制主持人应当为取得环境影响评价工程师职业资格证书。编制人员的资质管理由生态环境部负责。

Must EIA reports be prepared by professionals or professional institutions?

Yes. TheMeasures for the Supervision and Administration of the Preparation of Environmental Impact Reports (Forms) on Construction Projects, issued by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in 2019, stipulate that the entity preparing the report (form) should possess the technical capability to conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA). The individual responsible for the preparation must hold a Professional Qualification Certificate of Environmental Impact Assessment Engineer. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment is responsible for overseeing the management of these qualifications.

对房地产项目而言，哪些因素的变化会触发环境影响评价？

《〈建设项目环境影响评价分类管理名录〉上海市实施细化规定（2021年版）》根据各类项目的行业性质、规模及位置敏感性，明确项目是否需要开展环评以及环评文件的形式。针对调查问题中所述的住宅开发项目，根据名录，除涉及环境敏感区的，一般房地产开发项目无需开展环评。

What changes in factors would trigger an environmental impact assessment (EIA) for a housing development project？

According to the Detailed Implementation Rules of Shanghai Municipality for Classified Management Directory for Environmental Impact Assessment of Construction Projects (2021 Edition), the need for an EIA and the form of the EIA document required depend on the nature of the industry, the size of the project, and its location sensitivity. For the housing development project mentioned in the questionnaire, the Directory specifies that general real estate development projects do not require an EIA unless they are located in environmentally sensitive areas.

编辑：乔佳妮

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